Lost and Found in Translating Tourist Texts free essay sample

This neutralising strategy with its information-oriented, association-applied and concept-based principles can be employed to ensure the equivalents in information, concept and aesthetics. KEYWORDS Domesticating and foreignising, advantages and disadvantages, neutralising, informationoriented, association-applied, concept-based. 1. Cultural Translation and Translating Culture When we discuss the translation of tourist texts from Chinese to English, it is very important to make a distinction between the two terms ? translating culture‘ and ? ultural translation‘. Translating culture, in a narrow sense, refers to the act of transferring meaning from one specific culture -bearing language to another. Cultural translation refers to a dynamic process where everyone and everything that are a part of the interact ion in translation undergo change, where notions are constructed about other cultures and about oneself. That is to say, translating culture is an act only in translati on and cultural translation is the understanding and rendering of cultural concepts. Translating tourist texts is not simply translating culture, but also involves cultural translation. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost and Found in Translating Tourist Texts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a sense, translating tourist texts means translating the source culture to the reader. It is known that culture is the ? integrated pattern of human knowl edge, beliefs, and behaviour that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. Culture thus consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, symbols.? Stevens et al 2008: 430). Tourist attractions are often deeply rooted in the culture of a country. Every society, on every level, has its own culture influenced by its history and geography. Therefore the aim of tourist text translating should not be only to perform cultural rendering but also to translate culture from Chinese to English. 2. Qualities of Tourist Texts Tourist texts are designed to introduce the scenic spots to the viewers, and to convey the related information to them in order to enable the viewers to unders tand and enjoy the spots. They mainly offer the expressive, the informative and the vocative functions. The expressive function works as the mind of the speaker, the writer, or the originator of the text. He or she uses it to express his or her feelings irrespective of any response. The core of the informative function is an external aspect, the facts of a topic, that is, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. The core of the vocative function is the readership, the addressee. The term ? vocative‘ is used in the sense of ? calling upon‘ readership to act, think or feel, in fact to ? eact‘ in the way intended by the text. Nowadays, vocative texts are more often addressed to a readership than to a reader (Newmark, 1988: 40-45). In my opinion, the vocative function is the goal, while the informative function is the premise. This is because tourist texts are a type of popular reading material for ordinary people. The purpose is to attract the tourists‘ attention, a rouse their interest and give them an aesthetic impression, so that they may be persuaded to visit the tourist attraction and gain knowledge of the nature, ulture, history and customs of the tourist attraction through reading the text. Therefore the vocative function is of utmost importance. As a result, a number of factors need to be taken into account. As Newmark (1988: 41) points out, ? The first factor in all vocative texts is the relationship between the writer and the readership. The second factor is that these texts must be written in a language that is immediately comprehensible to the readership.? However, this effort can be achieved only through the provision of sufficient background information. Before potential visitors make up their minds to go sightseeing, they may want to obtain some relevant information about the tourist destination such as its location, historical importance, and cultural traditions . A detailed, accurate and attractive description will strengthen visitors‘ resolve to go; therefore to be informative is also another important consideration. According to Newmark (1988), both informative text and vocative text belong to communicative translation, while the expressive text belongs to semantic translation. In his opinion communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original text in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (Newmark 1988: 48-49). At the same time, the expressive function should not be neglected either. By reading a well-translated tourist text, people can sense national pride and a warm welcome emanating from the host country‘s guidebooks. Apart from the above-mentioned functions, tourist texts still possess ? the 125 aesthetic function? (Chen 1998: 273) and cultural values. When speaking of the aesthetic function, it is evident that the tourist text is often very short and well-organised in structure, and concise and sparkling in language. As far as the cultural value is concerned, it is manifested primarily through three aspects: the inherent values in natural views like rivers, lakes, mountains and so on; the traditional values long-established in heritage such as habits, traditions, practices, social structures, arts and crafts, etc. ; and the artificial values held in man-made sights like palaces and temples, imperial tombs and underground museums, architecture and gardens, and elsewhere. The translation of such texts is characterised by a special intention but disadvantaged by inadequate cultural equivalents. As we know, the ideal tourist texts should maintain such qualities as being informative, intriguing, realistic, practical, cultural, educational, humorous and even poetic. Thanks to the aforementioned qualities and their functions, the translator has to think of ? genre conventions‘ and follow the target reader‘s reading habits and feelings when translating the text. Nord (2001: 53) states, ? Genre conventions are the result of the standardisation of communication practices. As certain kinds of text are used repeatedly in certain situations with more or less the same function, these texts acquire conventional forms that are sometimes even raised to the status of social norms .? In this context, the translation of a tourist text should attach importance to the equivalence of the informative contents and stylistic functions between the original and the translated texts, rather than the equivalence in linguistic forms. Translation of tourist texts is a kind of publicity activity.

Comparing and contrasting The Lamb to the slaughter and The Vendetta Essays

Comparing and contrasting The Lamb to the slaughter and The Vendetta Essays Comparing and contrasting The Lamb to the slaughter and The Vendetta Paper Comparing and contrasting The Lamb to the slaughter and The Vendetta Paper Essay Topic: Literature In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the stories of the Vendetta and The lamb to the slaughter. These two stories are about revenge. I will compare and contrast the way revenge is presented in both stories. In the story of The lamb to the slaughter, the main character is Mary Maloney. In the beginning Mary is portrayed as being a loving and devoted wife that dotes on her husband. Mary appears to love every little thing about her husband, she loved him for the way he sat loosely in his chair. At this point in the story Marys life seems almost perfect, she had everything she could ever want. She was pregnant, living in a comfortable house and with a husband she loved dearly. Things were going so well that something must go wrong. As soon as Patrick, Marys husband, tells Mary of his news she acts like nothing has happened, although she is clearly in shock. her first instinct was not to believe any of it, to reject it all. What Patrick said must have affected Mary strongly, even giving her the desire to vomit. Before Patrick had told her his news, Mary seemed content and comfortable. I think Mary started to suspect something wasnt right when Patrick told her to sit down. He acted strongly by saying it twice, Almost begging her to sit down, just for a minute, sit down. It was at this point that Mary got scared. Although as soon as he had told her she just went into a state of denial and carried on getting the supper. What he said didnt sink in, or maybe it did and Mary just chose no to think about it even though she was obviously upset. While Mary went to get the supper she was almost like a robot, everything was automatic In the deep freeze she found a frozen leg of lamb and carried it back up the cellar steps. Upon reaching the top Patrick said for gods sake, dont make supper for me. Im going out. As he spoke something inside Mary clicked, what he had just told her seemed to sink in. Mary walked up behind Patrick and hit him across the back of the head with the frozen leg of lamb, which she had picked out for their supper. Calmly, Mary stepped back, still not realising what she had done. Patrick fell to the floor and the crashing noise of his fall made Mary realise what she had done. She calmly took in the fact he was dead by saying, all right and so Ive killed him. As soon as Mary had realised that she had killed her husband, she became devious. She started to think of the consequences and what would happen to her and her baby. Mary wasnt stupid, she knew that there would probably be a death penalty, yet she didnt know what would happen to the baby. Even though Mary had just killed her husband she still cared about her unborn child. For this reason Mary devised a plan and alibi in her head. She would act as normal. She practiced going to the shop and asking for some potatoes and a can of peas. Mary practised this in front of her mirror and applied her make up. As soon as she felt that her voice sounded normal, Mary left her dead husband lying on the floor and went to the shop. On her return, she saw the body of Patrick. Upon seeing the lifeless body Mary was truly shocked. She had convinced herself that she hadnt killed him, or even hit him. Mary had made herself believe this was just a normal day. By doing so Mary felt all the pain and horror of finding her husband dead again, yet this time she was heartbroken. The Widow Saverini is first presented to us as a poor old woman that loves her son, she lives alone with him and their dog. We know she is poor as the text says alone with her son in a poor little house. When Antoine Saverini, the widows son was murdered, his body was taken back to the widow. This would make us feel sympathetic towards the widow as she has to see the bloody body of her dead child. The widow is clearly extremely distressed over Antoines death and swears revenge on his killer. When the widow first saw the lifeless body of her son, she didnt even cry which gives us the impression she was in deep shock. She must have felt great pain over Antoines death and she locks herself, and the dog, into the house with Antoines body. Once locked in she broke down and wept great silent tears. We are told later on in the story that the widow is religious, as she goes to church and prays. I believe that this is why she swore revenge. As some religious people believe that the only way the soul can rest is if the death is avenged. As there was no-one else to carry out the vendetta the widow had no choice but to seek revenge herself. At the beginning of the story the widow is portrayed as a loving mother that is grieving for her dead son whom she loved and cared for. As the story progresses however the widow appears to become obsessed with avenging her sons death. All day long, sitting by the window, she looked over there and pondered revenge. Her whole life seems to revolve around avenging her son. As soon as the widow thinks of a plan of revenge, she becomes devious. She plans out far ahead and prepares everything perfectly. She trains the dog for three month, patiently waiting until the dog will follow her command perfectly. The widow then disguises herself before she carrys out her main objective. At the end of the story we see the widow as ruthless, but we remember her as a loving mother that is determined to carry out a promise she made to her son, whatever the cost. Both Mary and the Widow are very intelligent. We know this because they both cover their tracks exceptionally well. The Widow does this by disguising her self as an old man whereas Mary does not use a physical disguise, but instead conceals her guilt. The two women are from different generations and cultures, as well as the stories being set in different time eras. The Widow and Mary both dont seem to care what happens to them at first, Mary sees no life for herself without her husband and the widow is old and sees her life as pointless now her son has gone. Later on however Mary thinks about her baby and doesnt want to leave it and so makes sure that there is no way anyone would ever no it was her that was infact the murderer. Both women are manipulative, Mary is talented at acting and acts innocent and upset at the death of her husband. Mary not only convinces herself of her innocence but also manages to convince the police. The widow manipulates the dog, by training it to do as she says. Mary is rather impulsive and kills Patrick on the spur of the moment, however the Widow takes her time to carefully plan out the murder. Although we know clearly why the widow seeks revenge we do not know why Mary does because the author does not tell us. The effect of not knowing means we assume the worst, as it must have been really bad to compel her to murder the man she doted on and adored. Both the women used murder as their revenge, Mary killing her husband and the Widow killing her sons murderer. We get the impression that Patrick told Mary he was leaving her. If this was the case then both Mary and the Widow turned to murder because they had lost someone they loved. Both revenges are different. Marys revenge is spontaneous, but the Widows is planned out perfectly. Marys revenge seems to be the perfect crime, whereas the Widow has a few flaws in her plan, such as many people knowing she had a motive and also the fact many people saw her, even if dressed as an old man. Although it doesnt matter as much that the Widows crime had a few flaws because she didnt seem to care as much if she was caught as she was old and felt that she had nothing left to live for now her son had gone, whereas Mary was expecting her first child. The revenge I preferred was Marys. The crime was so perfect and I admire her intelligence and acting skills. In my opinion the Widow was to cold blooded whereas I can understand Marys motives more. I loved the way Mary acted around the police, even convincing them to eat the murder weapon whilst they were supposed to be searching for it.